In Gary Crew and Phillip Neils... free essay sample

In Gary Crew and Phillip Neilsons text, Edward Britton, the hero, Edward, is depicted to be a solid and bold youthful grown-up who had been accomplished before he was sent to Point Puer, a jail for young men. Having his own deepest desires about his future yet additionally doing whatever it takes not to stand apart a lot from 700 young men, Edward is attractive and can think and react rapidly to different circumstances all through the content. Izod, be that as it may, the sub primary character of the novel is something contrary to Edward, he is little, hard and is crushed by the homicide of his family in which he keeps vengeance and dull musings on his mind.Izods character shows he has numerous despicable considerations all through the content. He gets extraordinary happiness from abhorrent, for example, loathe, retribution and murder. The explanation behind his crave retaliation is a direct result of his decimation from the loss of his group of nine after the Wolfe family had lost all that they possessed due to Lieutenant Buckridge. We will compose a custom article test on In Gary Crew and Phillip Neils or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Izod was resolved to slaughter the Lieutenant Buckridge so much that he couldn't have cared less on the off chance that he kicked the bucket in the demonstration of killing yet he can't be content until its done. In the content, Izod presents the plot in secret by others to an extreme. The appearance and the magnificence of Buckridges little girl, Susan, can't occupy him from his arrangements. In Edward Britton, a novel by Gary Crew and Philip Neilson (2000), it is expressed that Izod isn't exceptionally keen on Susan or any kind of relationship with her regardless of her excellence. Izods smart brain helps him with the preliminary of harming one of the Chaplains. This shows Izod needs to see his casualty endure however much agony as could be expected by trailing poison on another person before Buckridge. Izod knows not to stand out to himself and particularly since he has such a coldblooded and evil crucial complete.In the start of the content, Izod and the remainder of the young men went to a Sunday Service at the Church, rather singing the tunes from the psalm books, he just imagined by moving his lips. At the point when it was the ideal opportunity for stooping down and asking, the words that seethed in his cerebrum could never be considered as a prayer†¦ and in the event that there is no god, and never was, at that point I call up the Diablos, the Dark One, to utilize me. In intuition this, this certainly shows the darker pieces of Izod and the devilish idea of God. The way that he needs to slaughter the Lieutenant Buckridge and his family shows that he is foolish on the loss of others around him. Izod has had no genuine instruction before his landing in Point Puer, he feels dumb in perusing and composing. Izods certainty brings down significantly when he is approached to peruse to the class. As Mr. Bull whips him hard for discovering the expressions of the book, Izod doesn't want to kick or to cry. Izods loathe for Buckridge shields him from responding a similar path as different young men would do in a beating. Izods sickened face triggers Buckridges temper while Buckridge is taunting him. Notwithstanding Izods absence of training, he at long last understands that on the off chance that he doesnt practice on perusing and composing more, soon enough, he will get beaten to death.†¦ it was the line you aint going to complete nothin that hit home. Imagine a scenario where he passed on before he put Buckeridge down. What is he got executed before his vengeance was finished? (pg. 87) this shows he is resolved to slaughter Buckridge before he passes on from a beating.In the content, Edward Britton by Gary Crew and Philip Neilson, Edward and Izod, the two principle characters of the novel, show the various jobs that the two of them play all through the content. Because of Edwards qualities, he is a bold and attractive youngster who shows that his character is totally not the same as the others at the jail. Izod, in any case, is viewed as a little, unnoticed and insidious disapproved of kid who is searching for vengeance.

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Actualmente existe un desequilibrio econã ³mico a nivel mundial. Este tipo de emergency provoca que las estructuras sociales econã ³micas existentes creen desajustes laborales innegables. Podemos observar en diferentes paã ­ses del mundo ya sean desarrollados, sub desarrollados o de tercer mundo problemã ¡ticas graves de conflictos sociales. Evidentemente para todos, el trabajo es uno de los componentes principales para que una naciã ³n se enriquezca cada vez mã ¡s. Es por esto que todos debemos tener un conocimiento bã ¡sico de las relaciones laborales comparadas a nivel mundial. Esto es asã ­ ya que tanto en Puerto Rico como en el mundo entero existe un impacto por causa de la globalizaciã ³n y el neoliberalismo. Evidentemente en el mundo moderno vemos una serie de problemã ¡ticas las cuales child parte de nuestro diario vivir. Entre ellas estã ¡ el sometimiento del estado hacia la sociedad queriendo su bienestar el cual utiliza la competencia de mercado mundial. Tambiã ©n, podemos observar en la sociedad common pã ©rdidas de los empleos e ingresos, de la seguridad laboral y de la seguridad material. Del mismo modo, observamos una nueva pobreza la cual abarca y provoca la desigualdad, la inseguridad social y la criminalidad. Por otro lado, vemos en muchos paã ­ses del mundo real la pã ©rdida del poder de los ciudadanos, la dictadura del capital y el retroceso de la democracia. Para algunos la globalizaciã ³n y la visiã ³n del neoliberalismo no es lago del todo negativo ya que muchos se basan en que con estos conceptos se pueden catalogar como el surgimiento de una nueva time de poder, riquezas, crecimiento, desarrollo y supuestas oportunidades para los paã ­ses. Es por esto que la supuesta globalizaciã ³n tiene una versiã ³n optimista la cual mejora las oportunidade... ... uno democrã ¡tico y verdaderamente no tomamos ningã ºn tipo de decisiones, en la cual nosotros la sociedad common parecemos ‘’plebeyos’’ los cuales nunca vamos a tener poder ni dinero en abundancia ya que child solo unos pocos los que gozan de esos privilegio. Child esos pocos que al parecer no les importa quien este en el medio para ellos tener una vida en abundancia y child esos pocos los cuales su visiã ³n y misiã ³n es ser dueã ±os de todo el dinero del mundo y observar como la mayorã ­a muere de hambre. Tristemente no podemos hacer mucho para tratar de evitar esta triste situaciã ³n tenemos que seguir viviendo en este gran horroroso sistema. No obstante, el vivir en el mismo no dejamos de ser personas pensantes. Debemos dejar de patrocinar los polã ­ticos marionetas que los poderosos nos presentan como una obra de teatro de comedia. Debemos vivir en el sistema pero con conciencia. Exposition - Actualmente existe un desequilibrio econã ³mico a nivel mundial. Este tipo de emergency provoca que las estructuras sociales econã ³micas existentes creen desajustes laborales innegables. Podemos observar en diferentes paã ­ses del mundo ya sean desarrollados, sub desarrollados o de tercer mundo problemã ¡ticas graves de conflictos sociales. Evidentemente para todos, el trabajo es uno de los componentes principales para que una naciã ³n se enriquezca cada vez mã ¡s. Es por esto que todos debemos tener un conocimiento bã ¡sico de las relaciones laborales comparadas a nivel mundial. Esto es asã ­ ya que tanto en Puerto Rico como en el mundo entero existe un impacto por causa de la globalizaciã ³n y el neoliberalismo. Evidentemente en el mundo moderno vemos una serie de problemã ¡ticas las cuales child parte de nuestro diario vivir. Entre ellas estã ¡ el sometimiento del estado hacia la sociedad queriendo su bienestar el cual utiliza la competencia de mercado mundial. Tambiã ©n, podemos observar en la sociedad common pã ©rdidas de los empleos e ingresos, de la seguridad laboral y de la seguridad material. Del mismo modo, observamos una nueva pobreza la cual abarca y provoca la desigualdad, la inseguridad social y la criminalidad. Por otro lado, vemos en muchos paã ­ses del mundo genuine la pã ©rdida del poder de los ciudadanos, la dictadura del capital y el retroceso de la democracia. Para algunos la globalizaciã ³n y la visiã ³n del neoliberalismo no es lago del todo negativo ya que muchos se basan en que con estos conceptos se pueden catalogar como el surgimiento de una nueva period de poder, riquezas, crecimiento, desarrollo y supuestas oportunidades para los paã ­ses. Es por esto que la supuesta globalizaciã ³n tiene una versiã ³n optimista la cual mejora las oportunidade... ... uno democrã ¡tico y verdaderamente no tomamos ningã ºn tipo de decisiones, en la cual nosotros la sociedad common parecemos ‘’plebeyos’’ los cuales nunca vamos a tener poder ni dinero en abundancia ya que child solo unos pocos los que gozan de esos privilegio. Child esos pocos que al parecer no les importa quien este en el medio para ellos tener una vida en abundancia y child esos pocos los cuales su visiã ³n y misiã ³n es ser dueã ±os de todo el dinero del mundo y observar como la mayorã ­a muere de hambre. Tristemente no podemos hacer mucho para tratar de evitar esta triste situaciã ³n tenemos que seguir viviendo en este gran horroroso sistema. No obstante, el vivir en el mismo no dejamos de ser personas pensantes. Debemos dejar de patrocinar los polã ­ticos marionetas que los poderosos nos presentan como una obra de teatro de comedia. Debemos vivir en el sistema pero con conciencia.

Summer Camps for Kids With ADHD

Summer Camps for Kids With ADHD ADHD Living With ADD/ADHD Print Summer Camps for Kids With ADHD By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on January 17, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Rawpixel/istock Looking for a summer camp or summer program for your child? Here is a list of several summer options for children, teens and young adults with ADHD. ADHD Summer Camps and Programs Achievement Center ADHD Summer Treatment Program for kids age 6 to 12.Website: achievementctr.orgContact: Mary McIntoshPhone: 814-459-2755Locations: Erie and Edinboro, Pennsylvania Alternative Community Resource Program Summer program for children and teens age 5 to 16 with ADHD.Website: acrpkids.orgContact: Frank JanakovikPhone: 888-308-6783Location: Johnstown, Pennsylvania Brewster AcademyWith academics, technology, adventure, arts, and leadership all rolled into one program, the Summer Session at Brewster Academy is both a school and an adventure. Its setting on the shores of Lake Winnipesaukee offers an ideal environment for this small, intensive camp/school open to students ages 12 to 18.Website: brewsteracademy.orgEmail: summerbrewsteracademy.orgPhone: 603-569-7155Location: Wolfeboro, New Hampshire Camp Buckskin Camp Buckskin is an overnight summer camp that specializes in serving children ages 6 to 18 who are experiencing social skills, and academic difficulties. The majority of campers have a primary diagnosis of ADHD, learning disabilities, or Aspergers while others may have a secondary or related diagnosis. In addition, a significant number of campers are adopted.Website: campbuckskin.comEmail: infocampbuckskin.comPhone: 763-208-4805Location: Ely, Minnesota Camp Discovery An outdoor day camp for children ages 3 to 10 with mild to moderate special needs which vary in range from ADHD, autism, Asperger’s, developmental delays, etc.Website: campdiscoveryla.orgEmail: dawncampdiscoveryla.orgPhone: 818-501-5522Location: Encino, California Camp Excel A specialized program for children with ADHD or other social skills challenges. Camp Excel is a comprehensive program that includes academics to promote growth and avoid regression over the summer, therapeutic activities to assist in making and keeping friends, sports to develop skills and build self-esteem and recreational activities for fun. The summer program serves children ages 5 to 17. Camp Excel recognizes the importance of family involvement and offers weekly Parent Groups to provide parenting information and support. Siblings groups are also available and allow these children a safe place to express feelings regarding their special needs sibling.Website: campexcel.comEmail: infoCampExcel.comPhone: 732-281-0275Location: Monmouth County and Bergen County in New Jersey Camp HuntingtonCamp Huntington is a co-ed, residential program for children and young adults age 6 to 21 years with special learning and developmental needs. They serve campers with learning disabilities, ADHD, autism, Aspergers, and other special needs.Website: camphuntington.comPhone: 866-514-5281Location: High Falls, New York Camp Northwood Camp Northwood specializes in working with non-aggressive children ranging in age from 8 to 18 diagnosed with Aspergers, high-functioning autism, ADHD, language processing weaknesses and other forms of minimal learning issues. All of the campers experience delayed social development, weak executive functioning, and poor organizational skills.Website: nwood.comEmail: northwoodprogramshotmail.comPhone: 315-831-3621Location: Remsen, New York Camp Nuhop Camp Nuhop is a residential summer camp for children age 6 to 18 with learning disabilities, ADHD, and behavior disorders.Website: campnuhop.orgEmail: campnuhopzoominternet.netPhone: 419-289-2227Location: Perrysville, Ohio Camp Ramapo Camp Ramapo is designed for children ages 4 to 16 who are having difficulty building and maintaining healthy relationships with peers and adults. Campers are referred by parents, teachers, and mental health professionals.Website: ramapoforchildren.org Email: officeramapoforchildren.orgPhone: 845-876-8423Location: Rhinebeck, New York Camp Sequoia Camp Sequoia is an overnight summer camp for children ages 8-17 who need developing their social skills.Website: camp-sequoia.comEmail: officecamp-sequoia.comPhone: 610-771-0111Location: Pottstown, Pennsylvania Camp Star - University of Illinois at Chicago/JCYS North Shore Day Camp Serves children ranging in age from 6 to 12. Many campers have a diagnosis of ADHD. Others have a diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder, high-functioning autism or Asperger’s. Some may not have a formal diagnosis.Website: jcys.orgEmail: campstarjcys.orgPhone: 847-814-STAR (7827)Location: Chicago, Illinois Celebrate ADHD - Friendship Camp Friendship Camp summer day program offers children with ADHD a small and personalized setting to enjoy fun activities and build confidence and social skills. For children age 5 through 16. The camp also provides parent support and education.Website: celebrate-adhd.com Contact: Kirk MartinEmail: kirkcelebratecalm.comLocation: Ashburn, Virginia Charis Hills Charis Hills is a Christian summer camp for kids and young adults age 7 to 25 with learning and social difficulties such as ADHD and Aspergers disorder.Website: charishills.orgEmail: infocharishills.orgPhone: 888-681-2173Location: Sunset, Texas Child Development Center-University of California Irvine The Child Development Center is a school specialized in the treatment of children with ADHD and related behavioral and learning problems. They offer a summer school program for children grades K through 6th.Email: cdcuci.eduPhone: 949-824-2343Location: Irvine, California Cleveland Clinic Childrens Hospital Cleveland Clinic offers a summer treatment program for children with ADHD ages 6 to 14. This award-winning program is the only program that was selected for a national Multimodal Treatment of ADHD (MTA) study that is funded by the National Institutes of Health as well as the U.S. Office of Education. More than 2,500 children have taken part in the program.??Website: my.clevelandclinic.orgContact: Michael Manos, PhDPhone: 216-444-0075Location: Cleveland, Ohio Community Guidance Center An eight-week intensive summer program for children and adolescents ages 6 through 15 who have a diagnosis of ADHD,  oppositional disorder  or conduct disorder.Website:  thecgc.comPhone: 724-465-5576Location: Indiana University, Pennsylvania Diamond Summer Program Formerly Simcha Special Day Camp, the Diamond Summer Program is an 8-week program for boys ages 6 to 12 with ADHD and other behavioral disorders.Email: diamondsummerprogramgmail.comPhone: 718-406-1577Location: Far Rockaway, New York Eagle Hill School (Connecticut) The summer academic day program at Eagle Hill School is designed for children experiencing academic difficulty. Open to boys and girls ages 6 to 12. The Summer Program immerses youngsters in a total language environment specifically tailored to meet his or her needs.Website:  eaglehillschool.orgEmail: t.coneeaglehill.orgPhone: 203- 622-9240Location: Greenwich, Connecticut Eagle Hill School (Massachusetts) Eagle Hill runs a five-week summer session for students ages 10 to 18 who have been diagnosed with specific learning disabilities and/or ADHD.Website:  ehs1.orgPhone: 413-477-6000Location: Hardwick, Massachusetts Frontier Travel Camp A summer camp alternative for teens and adults with special needs. Group travel allows campers to experience independence, improve social skills, and increase self-esteem in a secure and exciting environment. Frontier travelers range in age from 15 to 35 years.Website:  frontiertravelcamp.comEmail: infofrontiertravelcamp.comPhone: 305-895-1123Location: Miami Shores, Florida with travel across the United States, Canada, Hawaii, Alaska, and Europe The Gow School The Gow School offers a traditional summer school program experience for boys and girls ages 8 to 16. The 5-week session offers a specially designed curriculum for students who have experienced academic difficulties or have language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia,  central auditory processing disorder, and ADHD. Summer Program participants can be day students or live on campus.Website:  gow.orgEmail: summergow.orgPhone: 716-652-3450Location: South Wales, New York Hill Center The Hill Centers Academic Summer Program is designed for students with learning disabilities or ADHD in grades K through 8th. Provides daily instruction in reading, written language, and math in a 4:1 student-teacher ratio.??Website:  hillcenter.orgEmail: wspeirhillcenter.orgPhone: 919-489-7464, ext. 725Location: Durham, North Carolina Hillside School Summer Term A structured, supportive and challenging summer experience for traditional and non-traditional learners (boys and girls) ages 9 to 16 who may enroll in the day or boarding program.Website:  hillsideschool.netEmail: admissionshillsideschool.netPhone: 508-485-2824Location: Marlborough, Massachusetts Judge Bakers Childrens Center Summer Treatment Program is for children ages 6 to 12 with behavioral, emotional, and learning problems.Website: jbcc.harvard.eduPhone: 617-278-4261Location: Boston, Massachusetts Jump Start Summer Camp - James Madison University Attention and Learning Disability Clinic. Jumpstart is a summer  day camp  designed to help rising 4th through 9th-grade students with ADHD build social and academic success.Website:  chp.cisat.jmu.eduPhone: 540-568-6484Location: Harrisonburg, Virginia Kentwood Preparatory Summer Program The Kentwood Summer Camp Program is a branch of Kentwood Preparatory School, a school program catering toward children, teens, and their families who are not being successful in the traditional school environments, socially, and/or at home. For children and teens grade K through 12. Camp Addington is the  overnight camp  of Kentwood’s summer programs.Website:  kentwoodprepcommunity.comEmail: infokentwoodprepcommunity.comPhone: 954-581-8222 or 954-634-0601Location: Davie, Florida Landmark College Landmark College is one of the only accredited colleges in the U.S. designed exclusively for students with dyslexia, ADHD, or other  specific learning disabilities. Summer programs include a high school program for rising juniors and seniors, the transition to  college program  for the college-bound high school graduate, and summer session for visiting college students.Website:  landmark.eduEmail: admissionslandmark.eduPhone: 802-387-6718Location: Putney, Vermont The Learning Camp The Learning Camp is specifically for kids with  learning disabilities  such as ADHD, dyslexia, and other LD challenges. The program provides traditional summer camp adventures for boys and girls ages 7 to 14 combined with carefully designed academic programs. Their mission is helping kids with learning disabilities build self-esteem, independence, and academic success.Website:  learningcamp.comEmail: informationlearningcamp.comPhone: 970-524-2706Location: Vail, Colorado Leelanau School Summer Session Summer Academy and Ned Hallowell Summer Enrichment Camp for students grade 9 through 12.Website:  leelanau.orgEmail: infoleelanau.orgPhone: 800-533-5262Location: Glen Arbor, Michigan Maplebrook School Maplebrook School is a coeducational boarding and day school for students with learning differences and/or ADHD. Summer programs are available for children age 10 to 15. Activities include camping trips, canoeing, ropes courses, sports, arts, music, and academic remediation. A vocational and independent living program for students age 16 and older is also available. This program allows older students to learn and earn by providing career counseling accompanied by experiential work internships. With guidance, students not only discover emerging career interests but gain valuable workplace experience.Website:  maplebrookschool.orgEmail: admissionsmaplebrookschool.orgPhone: 845-373-8191Location: Amenia, New York North Carolina Summer Program for Kids A highly structured, fun, and supportive summer day camp program for 7 to 12-year-olds with ADHD. The NC Summer Program for Kids brings together the expertise of two area leaders in helping families with AD/HD: the AD/HD Clinic at the University of North Carolina Greensboro (UNCG) and Noble Academy.Website:  ncsummerprogramforkids.org  Contact: Dr. Jennifer SommerPhone: (336) 346-3192, extension 304Location: Greensboro, North Carolina NYU Summer Program for Kids The NYU Summer Program for Kids is an eight-week therapeutic clinical program devoted exclusively to children with ADHD who are between the ages of 7 to 11 years old. The program is specifically designed to improve children’s  social behavior, friendship skills, academic competence, problem-solving skills, self-esteem, classroom behavior, sports competence, rule-following,  home behavior, and  anger control. Parents are also taught specialized parenting skills to enhance parent-child relations.Website:  aboutourkids.orgPhone: 212-263-0760Location: Bronx, New York Oak Creek Ranch School Oak Creek Ranch Schools Summer School program combines academics and outdoor activities designed to help pre-teens and teenagers with ADHD or  academic underachievement  discover their true potential. For students ages 12 to 19.Website:  ocrs.com  Email: dwickocrs.comPhone: 877-554-6277Location: West Sedona, Arizona Our Victory Day Camp Our Victory serves children age 5 to 12 with learning disabilities and/or ADHD. Campers over age 12 who were previously enrolled may re-enroll until age 15 with the Directors permission.Website:  ourvictory.comEmail: ourvictoryaol.comPhone: 203-329-3394 or 914-674-4841Location: Dobbs Ferry, New York Quest Therapeutic Camp Campers range from 6 to 18 years of age and experience mild to moderate difficulties behaviorally, emotionally or socially. Quest campers may struggle to find stable relationships or consistently achieving their goals. They may have diagnoses of ADHD, anxiety, Asperger’s, depression, learning disabilities or social problems.Website:  questcamps.comEmail: questcampsmac.comPhone: 925-743-1370Location: Alamo, California Round Lake Camp A coed residential summer camp for children ages 7 to 21, a unique place for children with Asperger’s, ADHD, and mild social skill disorders. Educational activities are combined with recreation and socialization.Website:  roundlakecamp.orgEmail: rlcnjycamps.orgPhone: 973-575-3333 x145 or 570-798-2551 x145Location: Lakewood, Pennsylvania SOAR SOAR is a wilderness adventure program for youth with ADHD and learning disabilities and serves both males and females, ages 8 to 18. They offer programs in North Carolina, Wyoming, Florida, California, Costa Rica, and Peru. SOAR utilizes the natural environment and adventure activities to work with students on personal goal attainment and to provide them with opportunities for success. SOAR encourages students to explore their incredible talents and gifts with the belief that their future is intertwined with these strengths and abilities.Website:  soarnc.orgEmail: admissionssoarnc.orgPhone: 828-456-3435Location: Camp programs available in North Carolina, Wyoming, Florida, California, Costa Rica, Belize, Peru Staten Island Mental Health Society Summer Therapeutic Program for children age 5 to 12.Website:  simhs.orgPhone: 718-442-2225Location: West Brighton, New York Summit Camp Summit Camp provides a summer camp experience for boys and girls ages 7 to 17 who have issues of attention. These may include ADHD, Aspergers syndrome, verbal or non-verbal learning disabilities, and/or mild social or emotional concerns. Some campers may also have Tourettes syndrome, O.C.D., and/or mild mood issues.Website:  summitcamp.comEmail: infosummitcamp.comPhone: 800-323-9908Location: Honesdale, Pennsylvania Summit Travel Summit Travel represents the logical extension of the Summit camping program for teenagers age 15 to 19 who have outgrown the traditional camping experience, but still require opportunities for structured and supervised social experiences, and may need to transition to recreational opportunities of a more adult and mainstream nature. There are two 21-day trips and one 12-day mini trip. Either Trip One or Trip Two can be combined with a session at camp, which is recommended for transitioning campers. The 12-day trip can be a great introduction to travel for first-time participants.Website:  summitcamp.comEmail: infosummitcamp.comPhone: 800-323-9908Travel Tour Locations: Check the Summit website for current travel excursions. Talisman Summer Camps and Programs Talisman Programs offer summer camps and semester-length programs for children ages 8 to 17 with  learning disabilities, ADHD, Aspergers, and high functioning autism. Talisman provides parents with unique alternatives to ordinary summer camps and offers children with special needs a summer full of fun, adventure, and new learning experiences.Website:  talismancamps.comEmail: infotalismancamps.comPhone: 888-458-8226Location: Zirconia, North Carolina University of Alabama at Birmingham Sparks Clinics Summer Treatment Program for  children with behavioral disorders  such as ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder.Website: http://circ-uab.infomedia.com/Contact: Bart Hodgens, PhDPhone: 205-934-5471Location: Birmingham, Alabama Winston Preparatory School Summer Program Winston Prep is a co-ed day school offering individualized education for 6th through 12th-grade students with  learning differences  including ADHD. The school offers a morning summer enrichment program to enhance academic skills.Website:  winstonprep.eduEmail: summerwinstonprep.edu (NY campus) and summerctwinstonprep.edu (CT campus)Phone: 646-638-2705 (NY) and 203-229-0465 (CT)Locations: New York, New York  and  Norwalk, Connecticut CANADA Camp Kennebec A non-competitive inclusive summer residence camp for ADHD, learning disabilities,  behavioral needs,  and autism. Focusing on life and social skills for youth and young adults.Website:  campkennebec.comEmail: infocampkennebec.comPhone: 877-335-2114Location: Arden, Ontario Camp Kirk Camp Kirk is a small and friendly residential (overnight) summer camp that welcomes boys and girls age 6 to 13 with ADHD, learning disabilities, and autism.Website:  campkirk.comEmail: campkirkcampkirk.comPhone: 866-982-3310Location: Kirkfield, Ontario Camp Kodiak Sports, drama and socializing are more difficult for some children and teens than others. Camp Kodiak provides a unique program integrating ADHD, and LD children and teens age 6 to 18 with regular mainstream campers for an exciting and enriching summer experience.Website:  campkodiak.com  Email: infocampkodiak.comPhone: 877-569-7595Location: Mississauga, Ontario Club  Kodiak A vacation experience for young adults with ADHD, LD, Aspergers age 19 in a safe, structured, nurturing environment.Website:  campkodiak.com/clubEmail: clubcampkodiak.comPhone: 877-569-7595Location: Mississauga, Ontario Camp Towhee Camp Towhee is a therapeutic residential program for children and adolescents age 10 to 18 years with learning disabilities who experience social, emotional, and  behavioral problems.Website:  camptowhee.caEmail: infocamptowhee.caPhone: 800-839-3950Location: Haliburton, Ontario Camp Winston Camp Winston provides residential summer camp programs for children with ADHD, learning disabilities, Tourettes, autism, and  obsessive-compulsive disorder. For campers age 6 through 17 years.Website:  campwinston.comEmail: mailcampwinston.comPhone: 416-487-6229 or 705-689-9096Location: Kilworthy, Ontario

The Impact of Advertising on Fashion - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 31 Words: 9240 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: The use of advertising in the fashion industry was started as early as in the Victorian period. Advertising is been very important to the fashion industry as its one way of reaching a mass group of people quickly, as fashion today is very competitive and need speed marketing. Advertising is used from the high street fashion retailers to the low fashion retailers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact of Advertising on Fashion" essay for you Create order According to (Dittrich,2000) it has been estimated that an average women sees between 400 to 600 advertisements per day. The fashionable female silhouette has changed with time and the body has been manipulated frequently (Fay and Price 1994) The most famous type of fashion that todays consumers goes for is the fast fashion, where the latest line of clothing from a designer is copied by the fashion retailer especially stores in the middle fashion market like Top Shop, Marks and Spencers, Next , New look, and HM. Thirty-two percent say that they get their clothing ideas from fashion magazines, up from 23% the previous year. (cottoninc 2000). In fast fashion, sourcing and buying decisions are compounded by the speed by which decisions have to be made and innovation introduced into the store (Bruce Daly 2006). The introduction to the store can be given through a mass media that is advertising, advertising can be done through many ways like television, print, ad radio, an even through word of mouth. According to Aaker et al (1994) advertising is effective to influence consumer attitude. Govoni et al mentioned that the most images of well-liked brands are established by successful advertising. Modern consumers want to be entertained as well as informed through advertising (Lea-Greenwood 2002). In 1996 companies invested more than $1 billion in athletic endorsements deals and approximately $ 10 billion more to advertise and promote the celebrities endorsements (Farrell et al., 2000). A recent estimate indicates that approximately 25 percent of American commercials use celebrity endorses (Shimp, 2003). Celebrity endorsements have become prevalent technique in advertising in the past recent years. The consumers attention is the most important to the retailers. The retailers use advertising as one of the strongest aspect to catch their consumers attention. in Japan, there are roughly 70 percent of Japanese commercials featuring a celebrity (Hus and McDonald, 2002). Advertising also has some negative and positive effects, but in this paper both the aspects will be investigated. Fashion brands and retailers have a long-standing relationship with womens magazines and, more recently, with mens magazines (Mintel 2005). Fast fashion always need more advertising than the high street fashion market, the only way the can reach out to a mass audience is through media and through word of mouth. It has been estimated that the average woman sees between 400 and 600 adverts per day (Dittrich, 2000). Looking particularly at this age group who all read magazines and one of the famous magazines is the heat magazine, where this magazine compares the style and clothing of celebrities and give out the cheaper way to gain the look of the celebrities. In todays star-focused society, it may be more accurate to see celebrities and fashion magazines as a confluence in womens apparel-buying decision process. (Cottoninc 2000). The fast fashion retailers have to choose the right kind of medium to reach the particular target audience and should help the retailers to reach out to their consumers before their competitors reach. But while the celebrity influence does seem to ebb proportionally as a woman ages, it still plays a large role in the wardrobes of average women. According to the Monitor, 26% of women ages 25 to 34, and 24% of women ages 35 to 55, indicated that celebs served as their personal fashion innovators (cottoninc 2004). This fashion for slimness portrayed throughout almost all womens fashion advertising provides a standard for social comparison and respectively heightened dissatisfaction amongst females (Graner Grafinkel, 1980). When confronted with ultra thin models on a regular basis this is bound to have an effect especially when the thin ideal are totally unrealistic of womens bodies today (Hamburg, 2002). Celebrities are our new designers, relates Irenka Jakubiak, editor-in-chief of Accessories Magazine, the trade publication (cottoninc 2004). The Red Carpet is our new runway. Designers are going overboard to make the product, and manufacturers and retailers are turning stuff around fast to have it available for consumers (cottoninc 2004). In early 2001, approximately one in five marketing programs in the UK featured some type of celebrity endorse, with the number closer to one in four programs in the US (Erdogan et al 2001). Research has found that celebrities are more effective than other types of endorsers, such as the professional expert, the co mpany manger, or the typical consumer (Friedman and Friedman, 1979). Glamour editor Jo Elvin said: Kates back with a vengeance. Her maverick approach to fashion is an inspiration.(smh 2008) Advertising also helps to sell new products to the consumers, this way it helps the product to be marketed in the industry quick and efficiently. Advertising also manipulates the consumers using psychology in most of the advertisements. A woman who may not directly point to a celebrity influence in considering her wardrobe is likely to purchase something within a trend that can typically be tied back to a famous person. (Cottoninc 2004). Fighting AIDS is always of great importance, and HM is overwhelmed with the enthusiasm and the commitment from each and every celebrity involved in this collection. Ann-Sofie Johansson, HM head of design. (Onenationmagazine 2009). Celebrities are the trendsetters of our time. And they are wearing clothing and accessories that are more accessible to the general public (visavismag 2009). In the end, celebrities and modern fashion will always be inseparable commodities, and will continue to influence each other, and in turn the American public. (Helium 2009). Researches suggest that endorsers are more effective where there is a fit between the endorsers and the endorsed products. (Till and Busler, 2000). Psychologists Petty and Casioppo suggest the Elaboration Likehood Model (ELM) to explain the process consumers to be persuaded by the advertising message (Shimp, 2003). In a recent report in The Sunday Telegraph, Ashley Sharpe, head of money research at Which? Magazine stated: The danger is that, if the use of a credible celebrity is combined with a message that sounds great but doesnt tell you the full story, then many more people could be taken in, because they trust the person promoting the product. (Fashionunited 2004). 2.1 Aim: To analysis the role of advertising and body image in the context of fashion and manipulation of the consumers. 3.1 Objectives: To analysis the use of advertising in the fashion industry. To analysis the manipulation of consumers through advertisements by the fashion retailers. To analysis the impact of celebrities on fashion and consumers. To analysis the relationship between fashion and body image. 4.1Literature Review: In todays world to market a product and to make to reach the target audience on time is done through advertisements, where media is the one of the medium that can reach out to mass target consumers on time and to make the product famous among the consumers. The medias images and messages become what they see as a soothing voice in a storm of conflict, confrontation and confusion (Thomsen et al, 2001). In aspects to fast fashion the ideology of the retailers should reach the consumers fast, as the fast fashion industry is competitive. The most advanced marketing companies in the country had learned how to adapt their strategies to this new medium and it completely changed their perspectives. (Henry, 1986). Looking at the fashion market like Top Shop, Next, Marks and Spencers, New Look, HM. tend to spend much more than the other fashion retailer like Zara who does not spend anything of advertising for them marketing their products is through their own customers, where they believe word of mouth is more than enough to promote their products, this only helps to reach out a small group of people where the mass consumers wont be aware of their latest collection in store. On the other than the other retailers spend a lot on advertising and try to reach out a mass group of audience and market their product fast, this also helps to see the demand of the particular garment and helps not to over stock. The relatively small size of the UK and its heavy population concentrations allow this system to work particularly well in the interest of the marketers. (Henry, 1986). Through advertising most of the retailing companies develop their marketing strategy. Press advertising was the most important medium for 18 of the top 30 fashion retailer advertisers, and seven spent their entire advertising budget here. (Mintel 2005). Advertising is now taking up the upper hand in the fashion industry, which helps the retailers to market their product. Advertising is mostly done through manipulating the consumers, but the consumer does not like the idea of the retailers manipulating them, this is where psychology advertising comes into place. In this type of advertising is where they use colours, shapes, sounds, etc. The fashion industry works in this way by using adverts that imply by purchasing the brand the consumers will be buying the social esteem and image of model (Anderson et al, 2000). The advertisements are made to catch the consumers attention to the product. Although the highest paid super model of the 1900s were not classed as waifs i.e. Cindy Crawford, designers and magazines chose to use extremely thin models to advertise clothing and beauty products (Gorgan, 1999) Marks and Spencers have one of the biggest advertising budgets in the fashion industry. With an estimated  £ 43.5 million in 2006/07, making up a 12.0% share in the total (Mintel 2007). After Marks and Spencers Next have spent a lot of advertising their products. There are positive and negative aspects of fashion advertising. The positive aspect helps the retailers to boost their income whilst the consumers get the latest range of copied clothing from designer at a lower price which help them to look fashionable and to keep a track of the latest fashion. Employment opportunities for women are steadily improving, meaning that they have ever greater spending power and economic autonomy. They are the most important consumers of clothing and footwear, buying not only for themselves, but also for their children and male partners. Additionally, they enjoy fashion advertising much more than men and more influenced by it. (Mintel 2007). The negative aspect is the fashion is always rel ated to skinny, thin, flawless skin models, this makes the consumers want to look like them. For the retailers is that fashion is one industry which changes season to season and the clothing line as well changes according to the current trend as fashion changes quickly the retailers tend to spend more on advertising very time a new trend is come into fashion. The average woman is estimated to see between 400- 600 adverts per day (Dittrich, 2000). One of the main reasons that advertising is used by the fashion retailers is to grab the attention of the consumers. Most of the fast fashion retailers target audience is from the age group 20 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 40 years. Teenagers ages 16-19 are more inclined to use fashion advertising to get inspiration (38% compared to 18% on average) (Mintel 2007). The retailers keeps in mind the age group and make the advertisements which will be liked by the group and catch their attention. The other way the retailers get the attentions from the consumers is by sale and offers which will make a consumer to walk into the store. On the other than magazine also help the fast fashion retailers to sell the garment faster as they compare the celebrities style which a cheaper alternative to gain the same style by the consumers. Fashion and beauty magazine availability is immense in society today (Gordon, 2000). F ashion magazines are a great influence on the women of today where they want to look like the celebrities. This influence the consumers mind of being thin and skinny to gain the style of the celebrities. As the amount of media attention devoted to celebrities increase its apparent that celebrities them selves have taken up the position of role models (Weaver 1997). 4.2 Impact of body image: In todays world fast paced society relationships and judgments about others start with outward appearance while personality and inner values play a secondary role (Anderson, 2000). Western society is obsessed with body image. Women want to be thinner; men want to be more muscular (BBC, 2009). The feminist perspective suggest that in the 1960s thinness was equated with independence and success- today it has become the defining criteria for feminine beauty (Kilbourne, 1994). This has become a very important factor among people of today to look good outside, which has a major influence on the daily lifestyle of the person. In any form of interaction or communication verbal cues account for only 7% of total impact, vocals cues for 38%, whilst facial cues account for a major 55% (Mehrabian, 1972). With the face playing a central role in the way we think and feel about both ourselves and others (Partridge, 1996). The world that we live in has move towards to a position which has a big stre ss on appearance. Preoccupation with the visual image if self and others has become an obsession in a society where people continually compare themselves to cultural ideals of beauty (Coward, 1984). Advertisements for women reflected changing notions of the female body shape away from sever body chart to angular boyish shape (p.76, Reekie, 1987). The ideal human body began way back in time, where it started in ancient Greece. Viewing the body as potentially godlike, it was the Greeks who began the custom of treating the body as an aesthetic object (Seid, 1989). The society of today has experienced a big outburst of interest in the human body like never before. Todays consumers are very conscious of what they wear and how they look from the out side. Reekie (1978) suggested that one can look to advertisements for women they reflect the changing ideals of body shape. This has happened as a result of a huge influx of visual images of the human body circulated by the mass media (Shilling, 1997). The body beautiful augmented by fashion advertising in particular has helped lay the foundation for our preoccupation with looks and the priority we give to visual appearance. (Coward, 1984). Physical attractiveness is central to human communication as virtually all communication situations involve visual contact and the more physically attractive a person is, the more favourably they are respond to (Patzer, op cit). Other studies consolidate this view and results have indicated that more physically attractive people will have socially exciting and more active lives than less attractive people (Bassili, 1981). Body image is the term widely accepted as internal representation of your own outer appearance: your own unique perception of your body (Thompson et al, 1990). Physical attractiveness trend is a belief that an individual should look good and get better in looking good, which enables physically attractiveness. This enhancement is seen by many as a natural instinct that has been a trait of mankind since ancient times (Fiser and Fiserova). There is a huge money and time spent in cosmetic surgery in todays world, in order to look like their idols. As in the western society there is an increasing importance in looking good physically. The physically attractiveness phenomenon is deeply entrenched in modern society and there seems no future development likely to reduce it importance (Patzer, 1985). What is beautiful is good which was said by Dion et al (1972). When a study was taken by Dion et al found that physically attractive people have more socially attractive personality, they have happier marriages and in a whole their lives are happier and more successfully than the one who are less attractive. When women were asked whether they were willing to sacrifice comfort for fashion, 40% said yes, up 3.7% from 1998. (Cottoninc 2000). 4.3The impact of Ideal body image on consumers: In todays consumers society where womens bodies are frequently used to sell products, the ultimate commodity has become the female ideal body image. (Orbach, 1993). Since the 1960s the ideal body for women bodies has become lighter while real bodies have been getting heavier (Garneret al 1980). This has resulted in a bigger difference between the real and the ideal (Benson,1997). As popular models and actress represent current female ideals it is necessary to examine their depictions in the media (Wiseman et a, 1990). Today a lot of consumers are overwhelmed because of media. The effects that advertisements have on the consumers have changed everything from their fashion to their lifestyle in the society. Circulated as the norm, notions about the ideal are culturally specific trends that become mistaken for reality (Gorgan, 1999). The concept of an ideal body is given to us by the society of the world of today. The ideal now dictates a slim- hard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" toned body (Benson , 1997). this perfect female body would be between five foot five and five foot eight, long legged, tanned and vigours looking (p.39 Coward, 1984). The media has drilled into the minds of people about the ideal body as being thin, tall and looking good to the society. With links to neurobiology, ideals are viewed as in-built responses guiding men and women in how they want to look and how they want others to look (Anderson, 2000). Overweight people are discriminated against in a culture that is unforgiving and judgmental towards fat people (Anderson, 2000). An ideal body for women has to perfect without any flaws. Achieving the ideal body will take time and money, where people are willing to spend these days. There are people in the society will go all the way out to look perfect and get their ideal body shape, even if the person has to go through many cosmetic surgery. In advertising technology has over taken, today every celebrities and super models have their photo shoot airbrushed before come out in magazines. Many of the images seen are artificially constructed using modern photographic techniques and air brushing (Coward, 1984). Although consumers know that these images are modified to look nice, they still opt for cosmetic surgery. Among other proposals are for success rates to be included on cosmetic surgery adverts and for local sports centres to be made more female friendly by being cleaner and safer (BBC, 2009). There are many celebrities have gone through many cosmetic surgeries and these consumers think this is the ideal body image and start to admired. Airbrushing should be banned in advertisements aimed at children to tackle body image pressure, say the Liberal Democrats. (BBC, 2009). President Douglas McGeorge has said he was particularly concerned about younger vulnerable readers of magazines who are being targeted very heavily (BBC, 2009) Although it is true that women may be entrapped in this system if beauty, the potential to change society and resist cultural pressure is negligible (Bordo, 1997). Smith (1990) believes that women should actively seek to achieve the ideal body in a form of femininity, body dissatisfaction is positive. He also argued that does not take in account the negative consequences of body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem and eating disorders. This also brings in the male to be more dominated and stronger than compared to women, where women are pressured to be thin and weak. The view also ignores the role of the fashion industry, which is said to dictate the ideal (Grogan, 1999). When a study was conducted on teenage boys (Huenemann et al, 1966) found that more than half of the response wanted bigger biceps, bigger chest and bigger shoulder. This should that the even male are now getting conscious about their body image and when it is looked back , the media started about in women and then now in men. A recent study says that cosmetic surgery is increasing rapidly in men. It has also been suggested that male dissatisfaction is more pronounced in older men (Anderson, 2000). Although men have different perspective of body image when compared to women. As women are objectified for the active male gaze, they become objects of desire and all emphasis is place on their bodies. (Mulvey, 1980). 36% women seriously consider plastic surgery cause theyre unhappy with the way they look. 90% of women said their bodies made them feel down and they think about it everyday. 50% of school girls say they are on a diet (BBC, 2001). The focus on womens appearance has got out of hand no-one really has perfect skin, perfect hair and a perfect figure, but women and young girls increasingly feel that nothing less than perfect will do.(BBC,2009). Body image is a persons subjective evaluation of what it means to them to have that body within their culture (Grogan, 1999). 4.3 Effect of celebrity advertising on consumers and society: Tellis, (1998) defined advertising as communication a firms offer to customers by paid media or space. There is no doubt that advertising is a formative influenced within modern Western culture (Pollay, 1986). According to recent research statistics, the number of celebrity advertisements has doubled in the past ten years. (Brandchannel ,2006). There is now little dispute that the content of commercial television is primarily a vehicle to deliver audiences to advertise to advertisers and that glossy magazines serve that same purpose (p.75, Giles, 2003). Studies show that we are significantly more dissatisfied with our own appearance after being shown TV ads featuring exceptionally slim and beautiful people. (BBC, 2001). The effect that advertising has on the consumers of today is very big impact. Studies have also shown that women who read fashion magazines are more likely to have poor body image and suffer from eating disorders (Harrison and Cantor, 1997). By becoming a reference point against which comparisons are made, fashion adverts can greatly effect men and womens body esteem (Grogan, 1999). When a survey conducted by Glamour magazine (1984) found that 75% of women taught that they were fat. The advertisement is based on the marketing strategy of the company, when there is a marketing outcome its generally changing the behaviour of the consumers. The process are classified as cognitive that are know as consumers attitude (Tellis, 2004). According to Foxall (1998) consumers attitude is recognised as a crucial link between the consumers thinks about the products and advertisements and what they buy in the market place. Aker et al (1994) suggested that the attitude concept is an important factor to advertising Management. The attitude of the consumers in one of the important factor for a company to plan their marketing strategy, and to find out the consumers attitude can be done through advertisements. The distortions are characteristic of anorexia and bulimia are some times literally and concretely evident in fashion advertising (p.134, Gordon, 2000). First, studying the advertising efficiency on market outcome is mainly for accountability (Tellis, 2004). Few advertisements depict mundane levels of attractiveness and instead exclusively star the overwhelming handsome and beautiful (Patzer, 1985). It is such models that become icons and set the ideals to which people try to adhere (Ibanga, 2002). As the fashion industry is said to represent the true ideal of beauty models create the standard to which people are to meet (Winkler, 1994). The task of the advertisers is to favourably dispose viewers to his product, his means, by and large, to show a sparkling version of that product in the context of glamorous events. The implication is that if you buy the one, you are on the way to realizing the other- and you should want to (p.26, Goffman, 1979) Fashion has become a global business since the 1960s to dress to have success and the power of the brand has become more significant in the past few years. The fashion advertisings has become a very powerful and a multi-pound business, as the brands have become more of a social symbol in the society of today. the survey found that online advertising could extend the reach of an ad by about 10% and increase brand awareness by around 6% (BBC,2003) Fashion plays a very major part of peoples lives. As models become role models, consumers are increasingly growing up with feelings of complete inadequacy attractive people are repeatedly shown in adverts on a daily basis (Body Image, 1998). In fashion adverts directed at both men and women the consumers is seduced, dazzled and offered a visual feast with the central piece, the object of desire being the model (Winkler, 1994). When a study was conducted by Garner (1997) among men and women how fashion models influenced their feelings about th eir appearance, 27% of women said that the always or more often compared themselves to models in magazines and 28% said that they study the shape of the models. Modelling came to epitomise dominant characteristics of western femininity : the importance of appearance; fetishisation of the body; manipulation and moulding of the body; the discipline and labour associated with beauty and body maintenance; the equation of youth with femininity lifestyles (p.70 Craik, 1993). The Advertising Standards Authority said they received only a small handful of complaints on the issue. (BBC, 2009) In advertising magazines is one of the most important media to fashion to advertise their product, this results to a heavy use of magazine among the female consumers. The same applies to reading fashion magazines. Experiments show that magazine photographs of super-thin models produce depression, stress, guilt, shame, insecurity and body-dissatisfaction. (BBC, 2001). The volume of content is growing and it is trapping young people in particular, into unhealthy obsessions about their own bodies (BBC, 2008). The fashion industry works in this way by using adverts that imply that by purchasing the brand the consumer will be buying the social esteem and image of model (Anderson, 2000). Thousands and billions of dollars came to ride on the common determination that these women were the most beautiful and fashionable in the world. It was a conspiracy bent on harnessing them to purely commercials needs (p.149, Howell, 2000) President Douglas McGeorge has said he was particularly concerned about younger vulnerable readers of magazines who are being targeted very heavily (BBC, 2009). Men and women increasingly get their ideas of what they should look like from the imagery they see in the media (BBC, 2008). Highly attractive models act only to perpetuate such views, lowering satisfaction among viewers. (Grogan, 1999). WHERE WOMEN GET THEIR CLOTHING IDEAS: 1999 1998 +/- pts. Already Own and Like 52.7% 50.4% -2.3 Store Displays 47.6% 44.3% -3.3 People I See Regularly 36.1% 38.6% +2.5 Catalogs 35.4% 36.3% +0.9 Family Members 23.7% 20.1% -3.6 Commercials/Ads 28.8% 25.6% -3.2 Fashion Magazines 23.2% 31.9% +8.7 Celebrities 10.0% 14.9% +4.9 Salespeople in Stores 12.4% 13.7% +1.3 Looking at the table above shows a clear view of what people look up to in terms of fashion in the year 2000. The highest in the table is the fashion magazines and then come the celebrities. This gives a very clear view that most of the consumers around the world follow the advertisement to get their fashion sense and these days it has a big effect on the society and their personality. According to Hall-Duncan (1979) claims that the content of fashion advertisements, its just not about clothes but also about the image that brings out the attitude of the person. Therefore in a sense it is both the cause and effect (Patzer, 1985). Thompson et al claims that a significant number of women and girls are exposed to print media. Fashion and beauty magazine availability is immense in society today (Gordon). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦womens beauty and fashion magazines, which may be among the most influential media formats in perpetuating and reinforcing the socio-cultural preference for thinness and in creating a sense of dissatisfaction with ones own body ( p.49, Harrison and Cantor, 1997). In the society most of the people are influenced by the advertisements. This influence is not directly applicable to most endorsement advertising because there is very little interaction between the endorser and the consumer in the communication process (Kamins, 1989). Followers of socio-cultural theories have accused womens magazines of being propaganda for the desirability if the thin ideal (Wolf, 1990). The medias images and messages become what they see as a soothing voice in a storm of conflict, confrontation and confusion (p.60, Thomsen et al, 2001). By the first decade of the twentieth century, the fashion models of Paris had already established a standard of extreme thinness (Gordon, 2000). Vogue employee wrote that the figure of the time was straighter with less of a bust and hips, more waist and long lean legs (Steele, 1985). The classic and most widely utilized method is the paid-for media advertisement mostly found in fashion magazines and on television. (Brandchannel, 2006). In receiving messages from parents, peers, mass media and other outlets, young people undergo a process of socialization in which they learn how to be consumers in the marketplace. (Lear et al, 2009). The presence and presentation of celebrity role models in pre-adolescent magazines, as well as details regarding the kinds of activities the celebrity participates in, may powerfully affect how girls view their role in todays society (Fabrianesi et al , 2008). 4.4 Celebritys endorsements: Any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement (McCracken, 1989). Aaker et al (1997) says that An endorser is a source of the information in the advertisements, which plays an important role in persuasive communication. Celebritys endorsements gives out an image that you move a step closer to the idols that the consumers admire by just buying one piece of garment. Celebrity endorsement transfers the personality and status of the celebrity as successful, wealthy, and distinctive directly to the brand. (brandchannel, 2006). When a celebrity endorses your company, it tells the consumer that the company is reputable, has good products or good customer service and is a sound company to deal with; Remember, the celebritys own image and reputation are at stake. (celebrityendorsements, 2009). Celebrity endorsement of luxury fashion is hardly a new phenomenon, as it has been around for several ce nturies (brandchannel, 2006). As Britain thrives on a huge and seemingly endless wave of celebrity obsession, stars are leaving their day jobs to endorse big brands. (money.uk.msn, 2007). Fast fashion has become famous among the middle fashion markets like HM, Zara, New Look, River Island, Marks Spencers etc. these fashion retailers produce out the replica of a designers outfits which are endorsed by the celebrities which are sold at a reasonable price for the consumers to buy them and look like celebrities by copying their styles. Expected to be thinner than ever before we have witnessed female celebrities shrink to the depth of anorexia (Freeman, 2002). Tellis (1998) explains that An endorser is a person, character or organisation that speaks or appears in an ad in support of the advertiser or its claim. The process of endorsement is the identification, selection and use of endorsers to communicate with target audience (Tellis, 1998). When a celebrity endorse a product, the produ ct gets its fame among the consumers immediately where as when a product has a model it will take time to get famous among the consumers. Linking it with a sports, movie or TV celebrity through a celebrity endorsement deal, the name of a product or a company can instantly acquire enormous lashings of glitz; glamour; charm; mass sex-appeal and, in the process, generate tremendous sales and revenues. It suddenly comes alive in multi-dimensions. (Celeb-brands, 2008). Mary Quant wanted models that would suite the clothing more ideally; she appealed models that had angular faces and long, lean, thin legs. (Craik, 1993). It is believed both shapes relate back to the same control and redirecting of the flesh (Chernin, 1983). Cindy Crawford, designers and magazines chose to use extremely thin models to advertise clothing and beauty products (Grogan, 1999). In the late 1990s the look was born was termed heroin chic, the models looked as they were made to use heroin (Howell, 2000). From time to time theres is an emotional movement towards a certain type of women. She is a kind of resume of all our current street idols, most of them from the world of rock and other music, and she gradually becomes to be recognised as the look of the moment'(p.149, Howell, 2000). Several celebrities have ventured into the fashion and accessories businesses and more are on the way. (Brandchannel,2006). The change in fashion is constant. Once a celebrity wears a particular look or dresses differently it immediately becomes the new trend in fashion, and the consumers blindly follow these styles showed by the celebrity. Celebrities have a huge impact on the consumers of today in regards to fashion. This is where all the middle market fashion retailers make a fortune by making the same cop garment worn by a celebrity. There are magazines where they have a celebrity wearing high end fashion garment and they give the alternative for a very cheap rate which are affordable by the consumers. Endorsements can range from the astonishing to the ridiculous, from Tiger Woods $100 million deal with Nike to Anthea Turners Flake wedding (BBC, 2001). Using stars to promote a company or its message grabs the publics attention; it cuts through the advertising clutter because we a re fascinated with fame and famous people. Stars help give brands identity and sell more product. (BBC, 2001). Having a celebrity in your advertising is a great way to attract attention and create excitement for your products, and build awareness among your prospects and customers (celeb-brands, 2008). The celebrities that are most utilized in the promotion of luxury fashion brands are those in the film and music industries as a result of the major role that fashion plays in these entertainment sectors. (Brandchannel, 2006). The consensus of fashion marketers is that celebrities are more effective than models now in imprinting a brand in the customers mind. (Nytimes, 2005). Almost every business has a trading name but only a minority of those businesses however, have what could be classed as a brand, a brand name or celeb brand. (Celeb-brands, 2008) As Kylie Minogue launches her new range of soft furnishings we asked if its possible to kit your entire home in celebrity-endorsed products. (BBC, 2008). A slightly smaller stampede is expected this week when Lily Allen launches her clothing range at New Look. (money.uk.msn, 2007). Nicole Kidman holds her own against female celebrities, with consumers around the world voting her one of the best female celebrities for product endorsements (au.acnielsen, 2006) These days the fashion business are fascinated by Kate Moss and her collection Not content with covering the launch of her new range for Topshop, endless column inches and broadcast minutes anticipated the collection and breathlessly speculated throughout the countdown to K-Day. ( money.uk.msn,2007). The Moss effect is also set to carry the brand across the pond as part of a launch of Topshop boutiques in Barneys department stores throughout the US. (money.uk.msn, 2007). Once it became apparent that celebrities could sell clothes, asking them to put their name to ranges cast in their own style wasnt a great leap. And its celebrity style thats for sale, not celebrities clothes, says Vogues Alexandra Shulman. (money.uk.msn, 2007). Studies have proved that celebrities endorsing a company or brand can greatly increase consumers awareness of an advertisement, capture their attention and make the advert more memorable (celebrityendorsements, 2009) 4.5 Advantage and disadvantage of celebritys endorsements: First of all we see that some researches shown that more than 20 percent of all TV advertisements include celebrities and advertisers pay a lot of money for their services (Belch Belch, 2001). Advertisers are ready to pay a lot of money to celebrities who are liked and respected by the consumers (Shimp, 2003). . The level of maturity in the retail brand concept has directed retailers in recent years towards the use of specific brand image building strategies such as celebrity endorsement (Burt, 2000). Celebrities are effective endorsers because of their symbolic aspirational reference group associations (Soloman and Assael, 1987) Firms believe that celebrities can gain consumers attention to the endorsed products/brands and transfer images values to these products/brands by virtue of their celebrity profile and attractive attributes. (Meenaghan and OMahony, 1997). There are many academic researchers that have studies the use of celebrity endorsements. According the Meenaghan andOMah ony , consumers have a positive attitude towards celebrity endorsements. Celebrities can and do attract attention, publicity and profile, good and bad (Marketingfocus, 2004). Research has indicated that customers are more likely to choose goods and services endorsed by celebrities than those without such endorsements (Agrawal Kamakura). People tend to commensurate the personalities of the celebrity with the brand thereby increasing the recall value. (Chillibreeze, 2009). Celebrities are loved and adored by their fans and advertisers use stars to capitalise on these feelings to sway the fans towards their brand. (Chillibreeze, 2009). Firstly, many celebrities can be overused by endorsing several products and brands that may result in insincere perception of audience and reduce the effectiveness of advertising (Keller, 2004). Secondly, celebrities may get into trouble or lose popularity and diminish their marketing value to the brand (Keller, 2004). There are many examples that has been publishes such as O.J Simpsons accusation on murder charges , celebrity endorsers may some times become liabilities to the brand they endorse (Shimp and till, 1998). American actor George C. Scott, an Oscar winner for his patriot movie, seems not a good choice to endorse the French Renault car (Keller, 2004). Some stars have a universal appeal and therefore prove to be a good bet to generate interest among the masses (Chillibreeze, 2009). Special attention should also be paid to employ celebrities who have a direct connection with their endorsed product and who are perceived to be experts by the target audiences (Till and Busler, 1998). If there is no congruency, then the audience remember the celebrity and not the product (Byrne et al, 2003). This has been termed the vampire effect, where the celebrity has sucked the life-blood of the product dry (Evans, 1988). This terminology pertains to the issue of a celebrity overshadowing the brand. (Chillibreeze, 2009). In an editorial, The Lancet suggested celebrity endorsement of junk food is contributing to high rates of obesity, particularly among children. (BBC, 2003). Director, Retail, ACNielsen Australia. There was also a strong association with product categories the celebrity had previously been associated with, such as perfume for Kidman or designer watches for Woods à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" an indication of money well-spent for marketers. (au.acnielsen, 2006). The racy Carls Jr. Commercial featuring Paris Hilton, The Parents Television Council protested the ad, calling it soft porn. (Advertisingabout, 2005). Moss was going to be used in HM ads to promote Stella McCartneys new fashion line. (Advertisingabout, 2005), but later dropped because the company found that Kate Moss has a drug problem. HM Company argued that most of their clients are young people, and any association with drugs can damage the chains image (Issuesinimc, 2009). The above advertisements portray a bad example to the public, especially the younger generation. Celebrities can affect the brand image for the company. The importance given to the celebrity endorsement, celebrity comes in first when compared to the brand image. The behaviour of the celebrities reflects on the brand, celebrity endorsers may at times become liabilities to the brands they endorse. (Chillibreeze, 2009). There are a lot of consumers who identify the brand through celebrity endorsement. British political history is littered with celebrity endorsements that have backfired. (BBC, 2004). Once a linkage has been established between celebrity and brand, negative information about either entity may result in a damaged consumer evaluation of both entities (White et al, 2009). If the brand is strongly associated with the celebrity then the occurrence of the negative information about the celebrity will also activate in memory, to some degree, the endorsed brand (Till, 1998). Companies must consider about the solutions of using celebrity e ndorsement and must be careful about the overshadowing or overexposing which can effects the consumers reception (Belch Belch, 2001). The other problem about celebrity endorsement is overexposure (Issuesinimc, 2009). This problem occurs when a celebrity endorses too many companies and products (Belch Belch, 2001). Multi brand endorsements by the same celebrity would lead to overexposure. (Chillibreeze, 2009). 5.1 Methodology: The secondary research method helps to identify the primary research methods. To fulfil the objectives keeping in mind the secondary research a few primary research methods were developed. The results from both the primary and secondary research were compared and then reached to a conclusion. Apart from the primary research methods even secondary research methods will be done in this paper. The secondary research which includes Journals, fashion magazines, articles and books. 5.2 Focus group: Focus groups have a long history, with their use in the social sciences going back to the 1920s (Morgan, 1997). Focus groups are an effective strategy in consumer research if conducted properly (Threlfall.D.K, 1999). The debate between the qualitative and quantitative methods is always in some disagreement. The focus group is the best way to understand the human behaviour. Quantitative methods is used to collect a lager amount of numerical information, but fail to explain the reasons. Buston et al (1998) says the advantages of qualitative research, citing that interviews are able to gauge issues of particular importance to interviewees enabling significant amounts of information to be extracted. Focus group of 4, 2 male and 2 female. The members are of different age groups and different ethnicity; this type of group was chose because each ethnicity will have different view towards fashion, advertising and body image will in return there will be a good debate, which will help in rich first hand information that can be collected from this focus group. The finding through the focus group is to find out does these members of the focus group have an impact because of celebrity and ideal body image. And to see what extent they would go to look like their ideals. Some magazines will also be used to show the focus group and will be asked to pick out what they think is an ideal body for themselves and will be made to explain why they think its and ideal body image for them. This in return will help to get information about the celebrity endorsement. More ever the focus group will help to investigate the behaviour of each participant in the focus group. The members of the group will be told the aim of conducting the focus group and few grounds rules will be given as the participants should not often the other participants. Thus help in getting the aim required, also helps in gathering a large amount of rich information on the topic from different views and opinion. The focus group also provides a immediate feedback to the researcher. The participants will be more comfortable and relaxed environment which will help them to express themselves more freely The discussion among the focus group will be taken down in notes, but still the names of the participants will not be given out during the discussion or in the note for ethical reasons. Notes will be a better way because the interviewer will ask the question or show a picture, and keep silent and listen to the out comes from each of the participants, as this will develop a debt among the participants, this will give a good result for the primary research. The questions for the focus group will be developed prior to the interview with the focus group. The session will not run more than one an half hour in time Thus the focus group helps to get a depth and get validity to the research and specific information can be gathered. Limitations: There was a time limitation which restricted the focus group and had had to break the conversation after 1.5 hours. One on one interviews would have provide information more at a personal level. The participants may not have answered truthfully because of people around them. On one on one interviews more sensitive matters could have been asked about the body images, since it was a focus group certain questions were not asked to the participants. 5.3 Questionnaire: Questionnaire is commonly used by people to gather information about the use of the users to the particular subject area. Through this methodology objectives can be achieved like the impact of celebrity endorsements and body image. If they generally compare them selfs mostly to the celebrity on the advertisements. This helps to have a greater perspective from many people which will very useful for the primary research. The questionnaires are going to be prepared by using secondary research which will help in making straight forward questions. Questionnaire helps to analysis the data collect the required information efficiently. This type of methodology gives privacy and anonymity to the person. Moreover there are no visual or verbal aspects that would influence the mind of the person filling in the questionnaire. How they are affected by the celebritys endorsements and about their view on their body image, if they would consider any cosmetic surgery The questionnaire has a multiple c hoice answers such as yes, no and maybe. A 100 questionnaire were sent to fashion forums, and to a few fashion designers in India and fashion students from National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) India. And few to a consumers. The questionnaire which were sent out was clearly indicated the purpose of the questionnaire and it will not be used for any other purpose other than the academic purpose by the researcher. The participants were also informed that the questionnaire is anonymous and its voluntary. These questionnaires were sent through a internet. In a total of subjects There wereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ females andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ males from different age groups ranging from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the participants were also from various background and ethnicity. Limitations: There were only à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ out 100 questionnaires. This was one of the major limitations. If all the 100 questions were completed there would have been and equal view of each part of the fashion industry because the questionnaire were divided equally and sent to the participants. Out the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ there were onlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ males and .. females. This may have resulted in an uneven comparison among the sexes. 5.4 Data collection: This type of methodology will help to achieve all the objectives where the data is collection from a secondary source and as well as the primary source. This will help to compare both the sources and to draw the conclusion for the aim that has to be achieved. Having struggled to gain acceptance as a reliable and useful method of data collection, qualitative research is now establishing itself within mainstream science research (Banister, 1994) When the required data from the secondary is collected the relative question for the questionnaire will be formed using the information available. Collection of celebrity endorsement, body image, and the effect of advertising on fashion.when a survey was conducted which Are the magazines were read the most among the mixed sex, the most read by these people are: Women magazines: Vogue,cosmopolitan, Mens magazine: These magazines were then collected over the period of 3 months. There were a few adverts which were taken from each magazine. In the bases of body image, celebrity endorsement, advertising. Appendix: The participants were asked to relate themselves to a model in the selected advertisements. The full images of the advertisements were used to identify their ideal bogy image and the close shots of the model were to identify their ideal facial features. To get the result a scale was created to see the correct rating of each participant. Secord and Jourard (1953). Used likert scales and it decides that this would be the most appropriate method of assessment. The scales were rated as such 1 being the least attractive and 9 being the most attractive. Appendix: This method was adopted so that participants can answer more accurately and at the own space. The participants were of 2 male and 2 female. The researcher and the participants meet for a meeting where the participants were showed the images and asked to mark the adverts. . A view of alternatives of what celebrity wears which is cheaper for the consumers. The pictures and the celebrity endorsement and relevant picture is added to the paper. The magazines analysis has a border view of what the advertisers are trying to tell their reads and consumers. Limitations: The chosen magazines may not be read widely by the other consumers around the world. The survey was conducted to a small group of student who are not from the field of fashion. There were ethnic and cultural difference in the type of magazines, some of the student may not even read such magazines, but this was not taken under consideration during the research. The data proceed may be unreliable. But this was the only option because there were scales in existence. Results : Magazines analysis Questionnaire analysis Focus group analysis After begin shown the adverts and made the participants chose which is the ideal body to them. The participants were asked to write down any comments they have which attracted them to the adverts: The difference between the sexes were phenomenal . Read and bough magazines Impact of fashion adverts I has been suggested that advertising effects consumers because they compare themselves with the idealised images portrayed in adverts (Richins, 1991) Satisfaction with their own body Limitations: Due to a very few men completed the questionnaire the research the data collected is very minimal to compare the datas The potential limitations are the structure and the recording of the discussion. 5.5 Limitations: Since we were translating a known theory, the transference of affect, to a specific research question, we developed our experiment with the goal of maximizing external validity. By demonstrating a cause and effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables we desired to be able to make statements about the process at large. However, a number of limitations restricted our ability to maximize external validity. One limitation involved the selection of a celebrity for our study. We had originally wanted to choose a real celebrity whose image had always been viewed by the public as neutral or positive so that in the absence of the negative stories, participants would generally have a neutral or positive feeling toward the celebrity. We then planned to create a false negative event involving the celebrity to test how this sudden negative information changed participants perceptions of the celebrity and product image. However, due to implications with the IRB, we were limited to choosing a celebrity who had actually been involved in a negative event in the past. Under this stipulation, we chose Jamal Lewis as our celebrity since his involvement with an illegal drug dealing arrest had occurred several years ago, giving participants a chance to forget about this incident. Additional limitations center on the sample population and the involvement level of the product utilized in the study. As noted earlier, only college students were surveyed, which may not accurately represent the entire population. In addition, since data was collected in a classroom setting, the researchers were required to shorten the experiment timeframe to less than fifteen minutes. Thus, product involvement level with athletic shoes was not measured. Respondents involvement level with athletic shoes certainly could have impacted the dependent variable. However, such an effect would be expected to influence the dependent variable in a similar fashion across all three conditions. The primary limitations of the present research relate to generalizability, both regarding the participant population and the stimulus materials. In particular, future research should attempt to explain the apparent cultural differences between the United States and Norway. The preceding discussion of cultural issues suggests skepticism toward advertising as a possible mediating variable for these cultural differences, but this should be investigated empirically. Perhaps the most serious potential problem with the present research involves the use of research participants who were primarily students. There is substantial evidence that student samples can limit external validity and thereby limit generalizability of results (Lynch, 1982; McGrath and Brinberg, 1983), although validity issues are more problematic when examining mean differences in variables (e.g. attitudes toward rap music are likely to be much different among 19-year-old students than among the general adult population ) than when examining relationships between variables (Burnett and Dunne, 1986; Ferber, 1977; Sears, 1986). With this in mind, the mean differences in correspondent inferences (anti-correspondence bias) in the present research should be regarded with particular caution. Although no research has yet examined correspondent inferences about endorsements in non-student samples, this concern is somewhat moderated by the fact that research examining correspondent inferences across the adult lifespan in non-advertising contexts (Miller, 1984) has obtained similar results to those typically observed in research using student samples (Gilbert and Malone, 1995). Another relevant consideration is that Norwegian university students are older than those in many other countries (the mean age of participants in the present studies was over 24 years) and are often re-entering the education system after having spent some time as normal consumers. Nevertheless, it would certainly be desirable to repl icate the present findings using a more representative adult sample. Another potential generalizability issue stems from the stimuli used in the present experiments. First, the models predicting attitudes toward the product differed somewhat between the two experiments. In particular, it appeared that correspondent inferences and rational information processing played a stronger role in predicting attitudes toward the product in Experiment 1 than in Experiment 2. This is perhaps not surprising, given the relative expense of the two products (i.e. consumers might think more carefully about more expensive purchases), but it does call attention to the fact that there is unlikely to be a single model that predicts consumer attitudes toward endorsed products in all situations. However, despite the fact that the present experiments used different product categories and different endorsers, the predictor variables in the two models were quite similar overall. This suggests that, although models predicting endorsement effectiveness might vary with advertising context, there is also likely to be substantial commonality across contexts, and the importance of correspondent inferences about the endorser might well be one of these commonalities. A second generalizability issue relates to a variable that showed relatively little predictive power in the present experiments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the endorsers perceived knowledge about the product. Although this appears to contradict previous research on source credibility models in which perceived expertise plays a prominent role in endorser effectiveness (e.g. Ohanian, 1991), we are inclined to believe that this non-result is a consequence of the advertisements used in the present research. Neither of the present experiments used an expert endorsement where part of the endorsers role is to help the consumer understand the product class and why the endorsed product is superior to competitor products. It is quite possible that the effectiveness of expert endorsements depends on a substantially different set of variables than celebrity (non-expert) endorsements, and as such the modeling of expert endorsement effectiveness is an issue that should be addressed in future research. Results Evaluation questionnaire The evaluation questionnaire included measures of correspondent inferences, attitude toward the advertisement, attitude toward the product, and attitude toward the celebrity endorser. Correspondent inferences were measured with three items asking participants to indicate their level of belief that Cindy Crawford: likes the Omega brand; frequently uses the Omega brand; and views the Omega brand as a good product. Each of these items was answered on a seven-point scale ranging from 1=Not at all likely to 7=Extremely likely. The correspondent inference items showed satisfactory internal reliability (ÃŽÂ ±=0.83). All attitude items used semantic differential scales with a value of one associated with the more negative word and a value of seven associated with the more positive word. Attitude toward the advertisement was measured using the items pleasant/unpleasant, likeable/not likeable, interesting/uninteresting, and good/bad; attitude toward the product was measured using the items desirable/not desirable, pleasant/unpleasant, likeable/not likeable, and good/bad; attitude toward the endorser was measured using the items interesting/uninteresting, pleasant/unpleasant, likeable/not likeable, and good/bad. Each of the three attitude measures showed satisfactory internal reliability (attitude toward advertisement: ÃŽÂ ±=0.85; attitude toward product: ÃŽÂ ±=0.82; attitude toward endorser: ÃŽÂ ±=0.87). Participants were also asked to rate how much they admired Cindy Crawford as well as Cindy Crawfords physical attractiveness, sense of style (attractiveness relevant to the product domain), similarity to the participant, and knowledge of the product domain. All of these ratings were made on seven-point scales where 1 indicated low values (e.g. not at all attractive) and 7 indicated high values (e.g. very attractive).

What Is Stalking

Stalking refers to repeated harassing or threatening behavior by an individual, such as following a person, appearing at a persons home or place of business, making harassing phone calls, leaving written messages or objects, or vandalizing a persons property, according to the U.S. Department of Justice Office for Victims of Crime (OVC). Any unwanted contact between two people that directly or indirectly communicates a threat or places the victim in fear can be considered stalking, but the actual legal definition of stalking varies from state to state according to each states laws. Stalking Statistics According to the Stalking Resource Center: 6.6 million people are stalked annually in the US.One in six women and one in 19 men have been stalked.66 percent of the women and 41 percent of the men were stalked by a current or former partner.46 percent of the victims had at least one unwanted contact weekly from the stalker.11 percent of stalking victims have been stalked for five years or moreOne in seven stalking victims moved as a result of their victimization.About one in five of stalking victims are stalked by a stranger. Anyone can be a stalker, just as anyone can be a stalking victim.  Stalking is a crime that can touch anyone, regardless of gender, race, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, geographic location, or personal associations. Most stalkers are young to middle-aged men with above-average intelligence. Profiling Stalkers Unfortunately, there is no single psychological or behavioral profile for stalkers. Every stalker is different. This makes it virtually impossible to devise a single effective strategy that can be applied to every situation. It is vital that stalking victims immediately seek the advice of local victim specialists who can work with them to devise a safety plan for their unique situation and circumstances. Some stalkers develop an obsession for another person with whom they have no personal relationship. When the victim does not respond as the stalker hopes, the stalker may attempt to force the victim to comply with the  use of threats and intimidation. When threats and intimidation fail, some stalkers turn to violence. Examples of Things Stalkers Do Follow their victim and show up at places where they go such as restaurants, parks, etc.Send uninvited and unwanted flowers, cards, letters, and emails.Leave unwanted cards, letters, and gifts on the victims car, at their home or place of work.Continuously drive by the home, school or place of employment of the victim.Go through the victims garbage.Follow the victim when they go out socially with friends or on a date.Damage the victims automobile, home or other property.Use technology to gain access to the victims email account or track computer usage.Use a GPS system to track the location of the victim.Contact friends, family, and people the victim works with to get information.Threaten to send, or actually send humiliating emails to the victims family, friends, and place of employment.Threaten to hurt family members, friends or pets.Spread rumors on the internet about the victim.Ignore restraining orders.Purposely frighten and intimidate their victim.Physically attack the victim. Stalking Can Become Violent The most prevalent type of stalking case involves some previous personal or romantic relationship between the stalker and the victim. This includes domestic violence cases and relationships in which there is no history of violence. In these cases, stalkers try to control every aspect of their victims lives. The victim becomes the stalkers source of self-esteem, and the loss of the relationship becomes the stalkers greatest fear. This dynamic makes a stalker dangerous. Stalking cases that emerge from domestic violence situations, however, are the most lethal type of stalking. The stalker may attempt to renew the relationship by sending flowers, gifts, and love letters. When the victim spurns these unwelcome advances, the stalker often turns to intimidation. Attempts at intimidation typically begin in the form of an unjustified and inappropriate intrusion into the victims life. The intrusions become more frequent over time. This harassing behavior often escalates to direct or indirect threats. Unfortunately, cases that reach this level of seriousness often end in violence.

My Work Free Essays

GCSE English Language Unit 3: Controlled Assessment Spoken Language Study Name:__________________ Teacher:_________________ Spoken Language Study 10% of final English Language grade Controlled Assessment January 9 hours of lessons; 3 hours of controlled assessment writing Assessment Objectives: 1. Understand variations in spoken language, explaining why language changes in relation to contexts 2. Evaluate the impact of spoken language choices in their own and others’ use Lesson 1: Spoken v Written Lesson 2: Contextual Factors and Social Attitudes Key Words related to Speech Match the word to the correct definition. We will write a custom essay sample on My Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. Standard EnglishA The way you speak, depending on context and audience 2. Received PronunciationB Form of grammar and vocabulary accepted as the national norm 3. AccentC The grammar and vocabulary of a particular region. 4. DialectD The way someone pronounces individual words in a geographical region 5 Repertoire E A person’s individual style of speaking 6. IdiolectF The accent of Standard English, often seen as the proper way of speaking. 7. Sociolect G The way you speak, depending on your particular social group 8. Contextual Factors H Factors that influence the way you speak, eg gender, etc |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 | | | | | | | | | | Homework: Idiolect Study Read Michael Rosen’s account of his idiolect. Write your own account of influences on the way you talk. Write a paragraph on each of the following: 1. How would you describe the way you speak? 2. What do you think the way you speak tells other people think about you? 3. Explain how you change your speech in different situations(e. g. talking to teacher, talking to family, asking questions in a shop, etc. ) 4. Have you ever been embarrassed or ashamed about the way you speak? Why? Why not? Extension: Try to use key words in your response Lesson 3: Non-Fluency Features and Transcripts Read this transcript and complete your allocated feature in the following table |Non-Fluency Feature |Example |Effect/Reason this occurs | |repetition (of the same word) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |back-tracking (repeating the same idea in| | | |different words) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |fillers (sort of, y’know, em) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |longer pauses | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |minor sentences (incomplete sentences) | | | | | | | | | | | |contractions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |slang | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Commenting on Effect or Reason for a Non-Fluency Feature occurring: – Thinking about an appropriate word or way to phrase something – Recalling a distant memory – Nervousness – Reflecting on feelings at that point – Any others? Commenting on how Contextual Factors affect Speech: |Place/setting |Where does the conversation/speech take place? | |Is it a formal or informal environment? | | |How might the speech be different if the setting changed? | |Age |How old are the participants? | | |Is there a difference in age? | | |How might the language choice be different if the ages changed? | |Audience |Who is the speech aimed at? | | |Is this a formal or informal audience? | | |How might the language choices be different if the audience changed? | |Gender |Is it a single gender or mixed gender conversation? | |How might the language choices be different if the genders changed? | |Formality |Is it formal or informal? | | |Is it spontaneous or scripted speech? | | |How might the language be different if the formality changed? | |Purpose |Why is this person speaking? | | |How might the language change if the purpose changes? | |Previous events |What happened before this speech? | | |How does it influence what the speaker includes? | | |How mig ht it be different if we didn’t know what happened before? |Technology |Is the speaker using technology ? | | |Is there technology present, eg video, camera, microphone? | | |Does the speaker speak differently because of the presence of technology? | Lesson 4: Non-Fluency Features and Context PEE Paragraphs on Contextual Factors: 1. Does it clearly state what the contextual factor is? 2. Does it include examples from the transcript to support this? 3. Does it contain an explanation of how the examples show deliberate choice of language? Lesson 5: Conversational Features [pic] Use the glossary below to help you answer the questions about the transcript. 1. Find an adjacency pair in the transcript. Copy it into your book and explain what kind of adjacency pair it is. 2. Find an example of a participant attempting a topic change. Can you explain what they are trying to do? 3. Find an overlap in the conversation. Explain whether you think it is a cooperative or an uncooperative overlap. 4. Find an example of a participant making a false start. Try to explain why the speaker re-starts his utterance. Glossary Adjacency pair – two speech turns made by different speakers one following the other. In an adjacency pair, the first part requires a particular kind of second part (e. g. question/answer, summons/response, invitation/response). Back-channelling – sounds and words listeners make to encourage the speaker and show they are listening; they range in the amount of interest they suggest: â€Å"Hmm, yes, absolutely†, â€Å"I see†, â€Å"Excellent†. False start – when a speaker begins an utterance and then re-starts. Filler – sounds which fill up pauses in speech, such as ‘er’, ‘um’ etc. perhaps to create thinking time and prevent interruption. Interruption – when an utterance interferes with the flow of the conversation. It might suggest aspects of power. Overlap – a kind of interruption. But overlap can be co-operative and helpful, or uncooperative and an attempt to â€Å"take the floor†, i. e. to take a turn. Para-linguistic features – non-vocal facial and body movements use when talking, i. e. body language. Prosody / prosodic features – the sound features of talk, such as intonation, rhythm, pitch, speed. Repair – the moves people make to correct what they think is a mistake (one they’ve made themselves or that the other person makes) Stylised speech – speech is natural; dialogue used in radio or TV plays is stylised speech. Topic change – refers to points in a conversation where one of the participants clearly changes the subject, usually for a reason, and so alters the direction of the conversation. Turn-taking system – the system that governs conversation. Silences or continuous overlaps interfere with the turn-taking system. Turn-taking is about speakers co-operating to carry the conversation forward. Utterance – the words that are spoken. Extension: Write an analysis of the conversation, answering the question: How cooperative are the participants in the transcript? Lesson 6: Conversational PEE Language in the Workplace: The Orthodontist’s Surgery |1 |Orthodontist: |I want you to pop these on for me (1) that’s it (2) and (1) you have got a problem in | | | |the lower is it a problem in the lower left | | |Patient: |yeah | | |Orthodontist: |so (inaudible) up the chair (2. ) [laughter] it’s got a mind of its own this chair | |5 | |ugh | | |Patient: |it’s got a mind of its own this chair it just seems to do what it wants right so | | |Orthodontist: |(inaudible) (15) [ongoing activity and no talk] can I have a lace-back please (9) did | | | |your teeth hurt quite a lot after | |10 | |ugh ugh em pardon | | |Patient: |did your teeth ache a lot after your visit here last time | | |Orthodontist: |yeah | | |Patient: |yeah (3. 0) they have started to s ettle Ok now yeah | | |Orthodontist: |yeah I can feel the teeth moving around | |15 |Patient: |yeah they’re definitely moving (32) [ongoing activity] wha what’s happened is that um | | |Orthodontist: |you’re still chewing where your tooth used to be ok and now you’re straight into? | | | |(inaudible) flexible wire so this is quite a common problem um I’ve just put an extra | | | |support wire in it hasn’t upset your treatment progress or anything like that so it’s | | | |more of an irritation for you (1. um that should be you sorted out (4) and I’m | |20 | |thinking in anticipation of that happening on the other side we’ll do the same thing | | | |could we have another lace-back [technician passes lace-back] | | | |agh | | | |is that one sore | | | |yeah | |25 |Patient: |sorry | | |Orthodontist: |no don’t worry | | |Patient: |(2) still got some achy teeth | | |Orthodontist: |mm | | |Patient: |right | |30 |Orthod ontist: |is that something that | | |Patient: |oh yeah | | |Orthodontist: |that happens in the beginning they shift around | | |Parent: |it actually works er like that all the way through treatment that you can have weeks | | |Orthodontist: |and weeks of not of not having any discomfort at all | |35 |Parent: |Mmm | | |Orthodontist: |then all of a sudden one tooth will um will give you grief for a few days 2) [patient| | | |in pain] I’ll try and be as gentle as I can (14) [ongoing activity] Ok then | | |Parent: |yeah | | |Orthodontist: |ooh [sound of compressed air escaping] excuse me | |40 | |sorry [short laugh] | | | |um a couple of silver (inaudible) (22) [ongoing activity] | | |Patient: | | | |Orthodontist: | | | |Technician: | | |45 |Orthodontist: | | Lesson 7: Developing Ideas Analysing Spoken Language: Key Area Question Frame Social attitudes to different spoken language What attitudes do people have about this workplace/occupation? How may they expect to be treated (as an audience, in some cases)? What kind of language may they expect to hear (or use)? How context influences choice of spoken language What are the contextual factors here? How do the situation(s) or contextual factors affect the speakers’ word choices or fluency? Key features found in speech and/or dialogue What level of formality is conveyed by the speaker(s)? Why? What features of non-fluency are present? If none, why is this? What features of idiolect, sociolect, dialect or accent are present? Is it a cooperative or uncooperative conversation? Do you think the conversation is a typical or abnormal example of a conversation in this type of workplace? Why/Why not? How does each person speak in the conversation? Analyse the turn-taking. Why do the participants speak like this in this situation? Homework: TV Chef Research Watch some videos on TV chefs on the internet and write down the names of the chefs you viewed clips of, in the table. Then complete the table. Make sure to make a note of names of the video clips you refer to, for later reference. Some specific chefs to look out for: Delia Smith |Rick Stein |Angela Hartnett | |Jamie Oliver |Keith Floyd |Richard Corrigan | |Nigella Lawson |James Martin |Paul Rankin | |Antony Worral-Thompson |Marco Pierre-White |Gino d’Acampo | |Gordon Ramsay |Sanjeev Kapoor |John Burton-Race | |Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall |Heston Blumenthal |Marcus Wareing | Homework Extension: Are there as many TV chefs in the US and other countries as there are in the UK? Are they similar or different to the UK chefs? Lesson 8: Planning 1 Issues to consider: †¢ Age, gender, social class †¢ Body language †¢ Relationship to camera †¢ Address to viewer †¢ Formal or informal? †¢ Specialist or non-specialist? †¢ Kinds of words †¢ Purpose audience †¢ Setting †¢ Context †¢ Ingredients equipment †¢ Speed of action editing Chef 3: | | | | | |Chef 2: | | | | | |Chef 1: | | | | | |Question |SOCIAL ATTITUDES: |CONTEXTUAL FACTORS: |SPEECH: |DIALOGUE: | | |How do the public |How typical is this |Write down some features of the way he/she |Write down some features of the way he/she talks | | |view this chef? |talk of the way TV |talks . Focus on non-fluency features. Are |in conversation. Focus on conversational | | |Why? |chefs talk? What |these deliberate? |features. | | | |factors affect the way | | | | | |th ey talk? | | | | | | | | | ———————– SAMPLE PEE PARAGRAPH How to cite My Work, Papers